Topic Pages

• Aerobic exercise

  Aerobic exercise involves sustained rhythmic muscle contractions utilizing oxidative phosphorylation to increase cardiovascular output and enhance mitochondrial biogenesis.
• Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

  Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a neurotrophin that activates TrkB receptors to support neuronal survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity.
• Cold exposure

  Cold exposure activates sympathetic norepinephrine release, stimulating brown adipose tissue thermogenesis via β3-adrenergic UCP1 upregulation.
• Depression

  Depression involves dysregulated monoaminergic neurotransmission, impaired neuroplasticity, altered hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and pro-inflammatory pathway activation.
• Epigenetic aging clocks

  Epigenetic aging clocks infer biological age from reproducible DNA-methylation patterns at age-associated CpG loci.
• Hydrolyzed collagen

  Hydrolyzed collagen contains enzymatically cleaved peptides absorbed via PEPT1 transporter, providing glycine-proline-hydroxyproline sequences for collagen resynthesis.
• Sauna

  Sauna exposure involves 80–100 °C dry heat driving convective and conductive transfer, provoking sudomotor activation and systemic vasodilation.
• Time-restricted eating

  Time-restricted eating confines food intake to a consistent daily window, synchronizing metabolic pathways with circadian rhythms.
• Vitamin C

  Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) acts as a reducing cofactor for prolyl/lysyl hydroxylases, promoting collagen maturation and scavenging reactive oxygen species.
• Zinc

  Zinc is an essential trace element acting as a catalytic, structural, and allosteric cofactor in numerous metalloenzymes.