Dr. Patrick: There has been a lot of paradigm shifts in people's thoughts on Alzheimer's disease with them thinking about it being a metabolic disease in a way, right? "Type 3 diabetes" you'll hear. But, like, I think this vascular dysfunction is...it's so crucial and, you know, may go hand in hand with the metabolism, maybe, you know, at the root of it. But, you know, identifying some of these early biomarkers that you were mentioning, even in plasma, I don't know how early or if they're even available to people to measure. Are they?

Dr. Montagne: It's still in the research phase. So, I don't know if you know, but there's a new technique called electrochemiluminescence and there's two major platforms worldwide. One is called Meso Scale Discovery, MSD. The other one is the SIMOA platform. And the beauty of these two technologies is you can use a small amount of fluid and you can get a lot of data basically, to make it simple. And so, these fairly new vascular biomarkers are currently being, you know, validated and everything in those platforms that will be high throughput where you can imagine to do a lot of patients at a time.

Right now, it's quite...the workflow right now is quite long and difficult. So, that's why we try as many biomarkers we want, like, the same as we heard from Japan, I think, you can get...the same as you get your blood glucose, right, from the finger, you can get your amyloid status, right? Amyloid 42 levels now and things like that, and get diagnosed if you have Alzheimer's or not from just a drop of blood. So, that would be the idea, basically, having this, but this will require probably a few years, obviously. But it's available at the research level but not at the clinical level as of yet.

Dr. Patrick: What about the soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor, the one you mentioned?

Dr. Montagne: So, it's ongoing in clinical trials in the U.S. So, I guess, it requires...it has been done in hundreds of patients or participants, so now they try to build up and go to thousands. So, you know, you need some validation steps with a bigger cohort and make sure that this is truly elevated, let's say, with APOE4 with aging in a much larger cohort of patients. But yeah, I think it's much closer to be available. Hopefully, we're talking about months, a year or two. Hopefully, yeah. But I'm not a part of that validation step but hopefully, this will come quick because I think it's a very, very valuable tool for us, yeah.