Although many factors influence whether a person develops neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia, excess body fat stands out as a notable risk factor. Some research suggests that where that body fat is located modulates that risk, with a new study finding that higher body fat in the arms and belly increases the likelihood of neurodegenerative disease.

The study involved more than 412,000 people enrolled in the UK Biobank study. Researchers measured the participants' body composition and tracked their health for about nine years.

They found that participants with greater muscle strength, bone density, and body fat in their legs were 6% to 25% less likely to develop neurodegenerative diseases. However, those with more body fat in their arms and bellies were 13% to 18% more likely to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Between 10% and 35% of the link between these body composition patterns and neurodegenerative diseases was attributable to the influence of cardiovascular diseases—particularly cerebrovascular diseases.

Cerebrovascular disease is an umbrella term for conditions that affect the blood vessels that supply the brain, such as strokes and aneurysms. Exercise helps maintain the health of these blood vessels, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Learn more in this episode featuring Dr. Axel Montagne.